Kodi mumadziwa? Kugawanika kwa madera a nyengo ndi chinthu chosangalatsa komanso chovuta! Zimatengera zinthu zambiri, monga kutentha, chinyezi, mpweya, kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mphepo. Madera akuluakulu a nyengo ndi A (otentha), B (wouma), C (ozizira), D (continental) ndi E (polar). Kuphatikiza apo, mkati mwa banja lalikulu lililonse, timagulu tating'ono timawonetsa mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino, monga momwe banja lililonse limakhala ndi mamembala ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi umunthu wosiyana.
M’madera otentha, monga madera akum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia ndi nkhalango zamvula za ku Brazil, zikhalidwe zakumaloko nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokongola komanso zamphamvu. Ogula amakonda mitundu yowala, yosiyana, monga yofiira kwambiri, yachikasu yonyezimira, ndi yobiriwira yobiriwira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonekera muzovala zamtundu wamba ndi zojambulajambula chifukwa imakhalanso malingaliro amtundu omwe amatha kuwonekera m'malo omwe amakhala.
Kafukufuku wamsika akuwonetsa kuti kunyamula miyala yamtengo wapatali yokhala ndi zikhalidwe zakumaloko kumatha kukulitsa kuvomerezedwa kwa msika wakomweko ndi pafupifupi 30%. Kumadera otentha kuli mitundu yambiri ya anthu ndipo kuli zipembedzo ndi zikhalidwe zolemera. Pankhani ya kapangidwe ka mapaketi, mawonekedwe achikhalidwe chakomweko ndi zizindikilo zitha kuphatikizidwa m'mapulani opangira mabokosi a zodzikongoletsera, monga machitidwe abwino a Chihindu kapena Chibuda, mapatani a batik aku Malaysia, ndi zinthu zina.
M'madera ouma monga Middle East ndi North Africa, chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu cha geometric ndi golide ndi buluu zimakhala ndi zokongoletsa kwambiri. Titha kulozera kumayendedwe apakale a geometric awa ndi kuphatikiza mitundu mumapangidwe amtundu wa miyala yamtengo wapatali. Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri powonetsa mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso odabwitsa a zodzikongoletsera. Kuphatikiza apo, chikhalidwe chachipembedzo m'zigawozi ndi champhamvu, ndipo amazindikira kwambiri mtundu wa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi luso lakale lazopakani za miyala yamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chake, popanga zopangira zodzikongoletsera za gulu ili, mutha kutsindika zinthu zopangidwa ndi manja kapena zaluso zachikhalidwe ndikuyika zidziwitso monga zokongoletsera zopangidwa ndi manja ndi cholowa chaluso chakale pamapaketi. Zoonadi, popeza nyengo youma imapangitsa kuti zinthu ziwonongeke mwamsanga, zolembera ziyenera kusankhidwa ndi kulimba kwabwino komanso kusunga chinyezi.
2.3 Kupaka kwa Nyengo Yozizira ndi Yozizira
Madera ozizira nyengo amagawidwa makamaka kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Russia. Chiyero ndi bata la dziko la ayezi ndi matalala zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikonda masitayelo osavuta komanso achilengedwe pano. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa zodzikongoletsera za Danish AUGUST SANDGREN Kapangidwe kabokosi kodzikongoletsera kocheperako kochokera kumadera ozizira nyengo, opangidwa ndi manja kuchokera ku chikopa cha OEKO-TEX ku Portugal, chosavuta komanso chokongola. Zodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera zopangidwira ogula kumadera ozizira nyengo zimatha kuwonetsedwa mumitundu yozizira, monga yoyera ndi yopepuka yabuluu, komanso mizere yosavuta ndi mawonekedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, maderawa amalabadira chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chitukuko chokhazikika, ndipo ogula amakonda kusankha ma CD opangidwa ndi zinthu zoteteza chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, zopangira zodzikongoletsera zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zobwezerezedwanso komanso zowonongeka monga mapepala kapena mapulasitiki owonongeka. Kuzizira kumakhudza kwambiri zodzikongoletsera ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mapulani opangira mabokosi a zodzikongoletsera ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pakutchinjiriza ndi kutsitsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsekereza monga thovu wandiweyani kapena kutsitsa kumatha kuchepetsa kutsika kwa kutentha kwa zodzikongoletsera.
2.4 Kuyika kwa Nyengo Yotentha ndi Yofatsa
Madera ofunda ali ndi mbiri yakale komanso chikhalidwe ndipo nthawi zonse akhala malo ofunikira kubadwa kwa anthu. Potengera chitsanzo cha France, bwalo la Louvre limalandira alendo mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse. Zambiri zamtengo wapatali zamtengo wapatali zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa mmenemo, monga "Mona Lisa" ndi "Winged Victory", zikuwonetseratu kukongola kwa zojambulajambula za ku Ulaya. Kum'mawa kwa China, zaluso zamamangidwe zakale monga Suzhou Gardens, zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola, njira zapadera zamaluwa komanso matanthauzidwe azamakhalidwe, zakhala woyimira wodziwika bwino wa zokongola zaku China. Komabe, ngakhale m’mikhalidwe yotentha, pamakhala kusintha kwenikweni kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi. M'chilimwe, kutentha kumawonjezeka ndipo chinyezi cha mpweya chimawonjezeka; yozizira imakhala yowuma komanso yozizira. Kusintha kwa kutentha ndi chinyezi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zofunikira kwambiri pazovala zamtengo wapatali.
Kutengera msika wa zodzikongoletsera ku Europe monga mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina yodziwika bwino yodzikongoletsera imapereka chidwi chapadera pakupuma komanso kukana chinyezi chazinthu posankha zida zonyamula. Mwachitsanzo, adzagwiritsa ntchito zida zamapepala zokhala ndi micro-permeable kapangidwe kake kabokosi ka miyala yamtengo wapatali. Zinthuzi zimatha kuwongolera chinyezi m'bokosi mpaka kumlingo wina ndikuletsa zodzikongoletsera kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha chinyezi. M'mapulani opangira mabokosi a miyala yamtengo wapatali, ndikofunikira kuphatikizira chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe chachikhalidwe kuti mupange kumveka bwino.
KUYERA
