Bokosi la zodzikongoletsera lopangidwa ndi pulasitiki lophimbidwa limaphatikiza chimango cholimba chopangidwa ndi jekeseni ndi nsalu yopanda msoko. Komabe, kusiyana kwenikweni pakati pa "kumveka bwino" ndi "kutsika mtengo" sikuli mu nsalu, koma mu kulondola kwaukadaulo komwe kumabisika pansi pake.
Bukuli likukutsogolerani ku malo ogwirira ntchito kuti mumvetse bwino njira yonse yopangira zinthu—kuyambira kusankha kwa HIPS 475 mpaka kulekerera nkhungu kwa 0.1mm—kukuphunzitsani kuti muzitha kuwona zinthu mozama kuti muone bwino zinthuzo ndikupeza mtundu weniweni.
1. N'chifukwa Chiyani Muyenera Kusankha Maziko a Pulasitiki Ophimbidwa?
Tikamalankhula za mabokosi a zodzikongoletsera apamwamba, "pulasitiki" si chinthu choyamba chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo mwanu. Koma chinsinsi chamkati mwa makampani ndichakuti maziko a ma phukusi ambiri apamwamba okhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi maziko a pulasitiki opangidwa molondola, kapena opanda pulasitiki.
1.1 Chigoba cha Maziko a Pulasitiki Ophimbidwa
Chigoba cha bokosi lotere ndi maziko apulasitiki opangidwa ndi jakisoni. "Khungu" lake ndi lapamwamba kwambiri la chikopa cha PU, pepala lapadera kapena flanelette, lomwe limagwirizana bwino ndi chigoba kudzera muukadaulo wokulunga bwino. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapereka kulimba kwa bokosi lamatabwa, komanso kumakhala kosinthasintha kwambiri komanso kosasinthasintha - zabwino zazikulu za mwambo zodzikongoletsera ma CD.
1.2 Chifukwa Chake Zinthu Zokongoletsera za Pulasitiki Zimatanthauza Kulondola
Mu kupanga zinthu zapamwamba, pulasitiki si chinthu chofanana ndi kutsika mtengo. M'malo mwake, ngakhale kuti si chinthu chabwino monga zipangizo zopangira mabokosi a zodzikongoletsera monga velvet ndi matabwa, ndiye maziko opangira kukoma kwa mabokosi a zodzikongoletsera. Ndi maziko a pulasitiki, titha kuwongolera kulekerera kwa miyeso mpaka mulingo wa sub-millimeter pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zolondola zamtengo wapatali mazana ambiri a yuan. Ichi ndi chinthu chomwe mabokosi apepala opangidwa ndi manja kapena matabwa achilengedwe sangafanane nacho. Kulondola kumeneku kumayala maziko a mipata yabwino, kutsegula ndi kutseka kosalala, komanso kapangidwe kogwirizana.
1.3 Mtundu Wopindika: Chinsinsi cha Kutsegula Mosalala
Kapangidwe ka pakati kamene kafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi ndi ka mtundu wa hinged. Mosiyana ndi zivindikiro za pamwamba ndi pansi zosiyana, kapangidwe ka hinged kali ndi zofunikira kwambiri kuti maziko akhale olondola. Zivindikiro zapamwamba ndi zapansi ziyenera kugwirizana bwino kuti zitsegulidwe bwino komanso mosalala komanso kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzimitsa.
2. Gawo 1: Chojambula ndi Chojambula Cholondola
Bokosi labwino limayamba ndi zinthu ziwiri zofunika: zipangizo zoyenera ndi nkhungu zopanda chilema. Kulakwitsa pa sitepe iyi kudzawononga zonse zomwe zikubwera. Kuti tidziwe bwino zofunikira zaukadaulo, tikukulangizani Kudziwa Zida Zodzikongoletsera Zodzikongoletsera: Chitsogozo Chokwanira.
2.1 Kusankha “Fupa” Loyenera: HIPS 475
Mabokosi athu apulasitiki wamba 80% amadalira ma HIPS, kapena High Impact Polystyrene, makamaka 475 grade. Chifukwa chiyani? Choyamba, ali ndi kulimba koyenera. Ma pulasitiki otseguka ndi ovuta kuwaswa ndipo amatha kupirira kugwedezeka kwa mayendedwe. Kulimba kwa HIPS 475 n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse miyezo yapadziko lonse yotumizira katundu, nkhani yomwe imakambidwa kawirikawiri mu lipoti la Zida Zapamwamba 10 Zokhazikika Zopangira Zodzikongoletsera Zotumiza.Chachiwiri, ili ndi guluu wabwino kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti guluuyo amatha kumamatira pamwamba pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pasakhale matuza kapena kusweka pamene akukulunga chikopa cha PU pambuyo pake. Timalimbikira kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano zapamwamba, chifukwa zinyalala zomwe zili muzinthu zobwezerezedwanso zimayambitsa mawanga akuda pa pulasitiki. Ngakhale mutakulunga, mawanga awa sangabisike.
2.2 Njira Yapamwamba Kwambiri: PET
Ngati makasitomala akufuna kuteteza chilengedwe bwino kapena kuoneka bwino kwambiri, tikupangira PET. Ndi yolimba komanso yosamalira chilengedwe. Koma ndi chinthu chofewa chomwe chimayamwa chinyezi mosavuta. Musanagwiritse ntchito jekeseni, ma PET pellets ayenera kuumitsidwa pa 80 - 95℃ kwa maola 4 athunthu. Ngakhale mphindi imodzi yocheperapo ingasiye thovu m'mapulasitiki ndikuwononga gulu lonse.
2.3 Nkhungu: Nkhondo ya 0.1mm ya Ungwiro
Chifanizirocho ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri pa bokosi la zodzikongoletsera—makamaka kwa kupanga mabokosi olumikizidwa. Seti yabwino ya nkhungu imadula kwambiri, ndipo kulondola kwake kumatsimikizira chilichonse. Timafunikira kukhwima kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu kuti ifike pa Ra 0.8μm, yomwe ili ngati galasi. Mlingo wa zovuta mu kupanga bokosi lolumikizidwa molondola yafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu bukhu lathu.
Chikombole ndicho chitetezo cha bokosi la zodzikongoletsera. Chikombole chabwino chimapanga chilichonse.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Timafuna Ra 0.8μm (Kumaliza kwa Galasi)? Zinyalala zokhazikika nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kuuma kwa Ra 3.2μm, komwe kumasiya mizere yaying'ono kwambiri pa pulasitiki. Timapukuta mabowo athu a zinyalala kuti akhale Ra 0.8μm.
Phindu: Malo opangidwa ndi pulasitiki ngati galasi amatsimikizira kuti guluuyo akufalikira mofanana (kukhuthala kwa 0.1mm), zomwe zimachotsa chiopsezo cha "kuphulika" kapena "khungu la lalanje" pa chikopa chomaliza.
2.4 Kukhuthala kwa Khoma & Makona a R
Timawongolera mwamphamvu makulidwe a khoma pakati pa 1.2mm ndi 2mm. Ngati ndi lopyapyala kwambiri, bokosilo lidzakhala lofooka ndipo limawoneka lotsika mtengo. Ngati ndi lokhuthala kwambiri, pamwamba pake padzachepa ndikumira ikazizira. Kaya zinthu zokutirazo zikhale zokhuthala bwanji, sizingaphimbe vuto ili. Opanga mapulani nthawi zambiri amakonda ngodya zazing'ono za R, koma izi zimapangitsa kuti kupanga kukhale kovuta poletsa kuyenda kwa pulasitiki komanso kung'amba zinthu zokutirazo. Pofuna kupewa kudzaza kosakwanira komanso kulephera kwa zinthuzo, timakambirana ndi opanga mapulani kuti awonetsetse kuti ngodya za R zili ndi zinthu zochepa. R1.5. Izi zikugwirizana ndi smalangizo okhazikika a DFM omwe amafunikira radius osachepera 0.5 nthawi* makulidwe, zomwe zimasonyeza bwino kukongola ndi luso lapamwamba.
3. Gawo Lachiwiri: Jakisoni ndi Kukonzekera
Titakonza mapulani, tinalowa mu workshop. Kusintha ma pellets apulasitiki kukhala ma pulasitiki opanda kanthu kumadalira kutentha koyenera komanso nthawi yoyenera.
3.1 Kutentha kwa Kuumba Jakisoni
Mbiya ya makina opangira jekeseni imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa magawo atatu. Mwachitsanzo, tengani HIPS 475. Malo olowera chakudya amatenthedwa kufika pa 170℃, gawo lapakati kufika pa 190℃, ndi nozzle kufika pa 200℃. Ngati kutentha kuli kotsika kwambiri, pulasitiki siisungunuka kwathunthu, zomwe zimasiya zizindikiro zozizira pa malo opanda kanthu. Ngati kutentha kuli kokwera kwambiri, pulasitikiyo idzasanduka kaboni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo opanda kanthuwo akhale akuda. Akatswiri athu amagwira ntchito motsatira Injection Molding Process Sheet ndipo sasintha makonda mwachisawawa kutengera zomwe akumana nazo.
Kwa malo opanda pulasitiki oyenerera, oyang'anira ayenera kutsimikizira bwino kukula kwawo poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chokhazikika. Pokhapokha ngati malowo atsimikizika kuti ndi olondola ndi pomwe angatumizidwe ku mzere wotsatira wopanga. Tikufuna oyang'anira kuti awonetsetse kuti malo opanda pulasitiki ali ndi malo osalala komanso osalala popanda kusagwirizana kulikonse. Kupanda kutero, kukula kolakwika kudzapangitsa kuti kukulunga pambuyo pake kukhale kosatheka. Malo osafanana adzapangitsa kuti zinthu zomalizidwa zikhale zosalimba, zomwe zimawononga mwachindunji malingaliro a makasitomala a mabokosi apamwamba.
Ponena za zinthu zosayenerera, tili ndi njira yokhwima yobwezeretsanso zinthu. Choyamba, oyang'anira ayenera kulembetsa ndikusankha zinthu zonse zolakwika ndi zifukwa zomveka bwino. Kenako zinthu zosayenerera izi ziyenera kutengedwa kupita kumalo ophwanyidwa ndikuphwanyidwa padera. Zinthu zosayenerera siziyenera kusakanizidwa ndi zoyenerera. Zikasakanizidwa, gulu lonselo lidzaipitsidwa.
3.5 Kukonzekera Zinthu: Kulondola Kodulira kwa 0.2mm
Chipinda chopanda kanthu cha pulasitiki ndi chigoba, ndipo zinthu zokutira monga chikopa cha PU ndi flanelette zili ngati zovala. Kudula "zovala" izi kumafuna kusamala kwambiri.
• Kuyenda kwa njira: Zipangizo zokulungira, monga mipukutu ikuluikulu ya chikopa cha PU kapena pepala → Kuyang'anira → Kudula m'mapepala akuluakulu → Kudula mozungulira m'mawonekedwe molingana ndi kapangidwe ka bokosi lopindika.
• Kuboola kopanda kanthu kwa pulasitiki: Gwiritsani ntchito makina opapatiza komanso odulira. Kuzama kwa crease kuyenera kukhala 0.3 - 0.5mm. Kuzama kwambiri crease kungaswe mosavuta malo opanda kanthu; osaya kwambiri angayambitse makwinya akamapindika.
• Kudula zinthu zokutira: Pepala lapadera limadulidwa ndi chodulira mapepala, chomwe sichipitirira 0.2mm. Liyenera kudulidwa motsatira njira ya pepalalo. Apo ayi, pepalalo lidzakula ndi kusokonekera litatenga guluu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinthu chomalizidwa chizipindika m'mbali. Chikopa cha PU ndi flanelette zimadulidwa ndi zodulira za laser, kuonetsetsa kuti m'mbali mwake muli bwino popanda kutayika kwa nsalu.
• Kukonza Liner: Timagwiritsa ntchito thovu lolemera kwambiri lokhala ndi kulemera kopitilira 30kg/m³. Tikamabowola ma grooves mu thovu pogwiritsa ntchito punch press, ma grooves ayenera kukhala ochepa pang'ono kuposa zodzikongoletsera. Izi zimathandiza kuti thovu likhale lolimba kuti ligwire zodzikongoletserazo mosamala.
Iyi ndi siteji yogwirizanitsa bwino "chigoba" ndi "zovala", ndipo imayesanso luso lapamwamba kwambiri.
4.1 Chithandizo cha Pamwamba: Kuponda ndi Kuchotsa Zinthu Zoipa
Iyi ndi njira yowonjezerera mawonekedwe a bokosilo.
• Kusindikiza kotentha: Pali mitundu iwiri, yodzipangira yokha ndi yamanja. Makina odzipangira okha amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma logo wamba, omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kuyambira 300 mpaka 500 pa ola limodzi. Kutentha kwake kumayambira pa 130℃ mpaka 150℃, ndipo kuthamanga kuyambira 5MPa mpaka 8MPa. Pa chikopa cha PU, kutentha kuyenera kukhala kotsika pa 130℃. Pa pepala lapadera lokhala ndi mawonekedwe okhwima, kuthamanga kuyenera kusinthidwa kukhala 8MPa.
• Chinsinsi cha kusindikiza ndi manja: Pofuna kuponda zinthu zokhuthala monga nsalu ya thonje, silika kapena satin, zomwe zimakhala zotanuka komanso zokhuthala zosafanana, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoponda zotentha pamanja. Akatswiri aluso amatha kusintha mphamvu nthawi yeniyeni malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo, kuonetsetsa kuti kuzama ndi kulimba kwa kupondako zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za makasitomala. Mtundu uwu wa kuwongolera kolondola ndi ntchito yomwe makina okha sangathe kuchita. Cholakwika cha malo opondapo pamanja sikuyenera kupitirira 0.1mm.
• Kuchotsa ndalama: Gwiritsani ntchito makina ojambulira a hydraulic, okhala ndi kutentha kwa 80 - 100℃, kuthamanga kwa 10 - 15MPa, ndi kuya kwa kapangidwe ka 0.2 - 0.3mm.
• Kupaka filimu: Filimuyo iyenera kumangiriridwa bwino popanda thovu. Tili ndi antchito omwe amakanikizanso filimuyo pambuyo pa lamination kuti asapindike m'mphepete.
4.2 Kupanga Bokosi Lakunja: Lopangidwa ndi Manja vs. Lopangidwa ndi Makina Okha
Malo ochitira msonkhano ndi gawo lomaliza komanso loyesa kwambiri luso. Apa timaphatikiza chimango chopanda kanthu cha pulasitiki mu chipolopolo chakunja chomalizidwa kenako n’kuchiphatikiza ndi choyikapo. Malo ochitira msonkhano ali ndi magawo awiri ofunikira: kupanga bokosi lakunja ndi mzere wochitira msonkhano, chilichonse chili ndi miyezo yakeyake.
• Kukhazikitsa mapanelo a bokosi lapamwamba ndi lapansi: Onetsetsani kuti kutsegula ndi kutseka kosalala popanda kugwedezeka kapena phokoso lachilendo.
• Kutseka m'mphepete: Manga m'mphepete mwa bokosi ndi timizere tapadera kuti muwonetsetse kuti zatsekedwa bwino.
• Kuyeretsa ndi kusungira kwakanthawi: Pukutani pamwamba pa bokosilo ndi nsalu yopanda ulusi kuti muchotse madontho ndi fumbi.
4.2.2 Kupanga Kokha: Kuwona Bwino ndi Kusalala
Kupanga kophatikizidwa kokha kumachitika m'mabokosi opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe wamba. Makina odziyimira okha amagwira ntchito bwino, amapanga zidutswa 800 - 1000 pa ola limodzi. Makinawa amaphatikiza gluing, positioning, edge folding, bubble pressing ndi edge sealing processes. Chofunika kwambiri, amazindikira okha kuphwanyika ndipo amakana zinthu zilizonse zomwe zili ndi vuto la kuphwanyika lopitirira 0.3mm.
4.3 Mzere Wosonkhanitsira: Kuphatikiza kwa Mizere ya Malo 6
Mabokosi akunja oyenerera okha ndi omwe angalowe mu mzere wolumikizira uwu. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza pamanja ma liners otenthedwa kapena osindikizidwa ndi mabokosi akunja omalizidwa. Zimafunika kulondola kwambiri kuposa kupanga bokosi lakunja, chifukwa mzerewu ndiye tsatanetsatane woyamba womwe makasitomala amawona akatsegula bokosilo. Mzere wolumikizira uli ndi malo asanu ndi limodzi, iliyonse imayendetsedwa ndi wantchito wodzipereka.
Njira Yogwirira Ntchito ya Masiteshoni 6
• Siteshoni 1: Kutsegula bokosi ndi kukonzekera kumata
Kumatira mkati: Gwiritsani ntchito chotulutsira guluu chaching'ono kuti muyike guluu mofanana pakhoma lamkati la bokosi lakunja, ndi makulidwe a guluu a 0.1mm. Ikani madontho asanu a guluu, limodzi pa ngodya iliyonse ndi lina pakati. Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa guluu mosamala kuti mupewe kusefukira.
Siteshoni 2: Kuyika ndi kuyika kwa Liner
Cholakwika cha malo a liner sichiyenera kupitirira 0.2mm. Chiyikeninso ngati chatayika.
• Siteshoni 3: Kukanikiza ndi kukonza thovu
Gwiritsani ntchito makina osindikizira a thovu pamanja kuti muwonetsetse kuti chogwiriracho chikukwanira bwino ndi bokosi lakunja, popanda kusweka kapena thovu.
• Siteshoni 4: Kuyang'ana koyamba ndi kusankha zolakwika
Iyi ndi malo oyamba owunikira khalidwe. Yang'anani ngati m'liner muli bwino, momwe bokosi lakunja lilili, komanso ngati bokosilo limatseguka ndi kutseka bwino.
• Siteshoni 5: Kuyeretsa ndi kuchotsa fumbi
Kuyeretsa mfuti ya mpweya: Choyamba, gwiritsani ntchito mfuti ya mpweya yothamanga kwambiri yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 0.3MPa kuti ichotse fumbi ndi ulusi. Kenako pukutani pamwamba pa bokosi lakunja ndi nsalu yopanda ulusi mbali imodzi.
• Siteshoni 6: Kuyika matumba ndi kuyika makatoni
Ikani zinthu zoyenera m'matumba a PE owoneka bwino osapsa fumbi okhala ndi makulidwe a 0.03mm. Tsekani milomo ya thumba mwamphamvu ndi makina otsekera pa 180℃ kwa sekondi imodzi. Mukalongedza m'makatoni, lekani bokosi lililonse ndi thovu la EPE. Ikani zotetezera pakona kapena thovu pamakona anayi a makatoni kuti muwonetsetse kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Kasamalidwe ka zinthu zotuluka: Tisanatumize, timafuna kuti makatoniwo akhale athyathyathya komanso osawonongeka. Tepi yotsekera siyenera kuchotsedwa kuti zinthuzo zisawonongeke panthawi yonyamula.
Kaya mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za zinthu zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabokosi a zodzikongoletsera kapena mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za njira yonse yopangira ma CD a zodzikongoletsera, dinani play tsopano kuti muwone momwe bokosi lanu lotsatira la zodzikongoletsera lidzatsegulidwire.
5. Gawo 4: Kuwongolera Ubwino Wopanda Zolakwika
Kuyang'anira ubwino sikutanthauza kupeza zolakwika, koma kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino. Tili ndi malo anayi owunikira ubwino.
5.1 Mayeso Ogwira Ntchito: 500g-800g Clasp Force
Oyang'anira amatsegula ndi kutseka bokosi lililonse mobwerezabwereza ka 10. Amamvetsera phokoso losazolowereka ndikuwona ngati kuyenda kuli kosalala. Mphamvu yolumikizira iyenera kuyendetsedwa pakati pa magalamu 500 ndi 800. Ngati ndi yomasuka kwambiri, bokosilo lingatseguke panthawi yoyendera. Ngati ndi yolimba kwambiri, makasitomala amavutika kulitsegula.
5.2 Kuyang'anira Kuwala Kwam'mbali
pansi magetsi odyetserako ziweto otsika—zomwe zimasiyanitsa topography pamwamba kuti awulule kusiyana kwa kutalika—ngakhale thovu laling'ono, makwinya, kapena zinthu zokutira zolakwika sizingabisike. Uku ndi kuwunika komaliza kwa njira zonse, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kumatira, ndi kukanikiza thovu.
5.3 Kuyesa Fungo: Mpweya Wopuma wa Maola 24
Guluu ndi chikopa cha PU zonse zimakhala ndi fungo loipa. Zinthu zathu zonse zomalizidwa ziyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira kwa maola osachepera 24. Kupanda kutero, fungo loipa limene makasitomala amatsegula mabokosi lidzawononga nthawi yomweyo zonse zomwe tinkachita kale.
5.4 Chitetezo Chomaliza Chonyamula ndi Kuyenda
Pomaliza, gwiritsani ntchito mfuti ya mpweya kuchotsa fumbi ndi nsalu yopanda ulusi kuti muchotse zomatira za guluu. Zinthu zoyenera zimayikidwa m'matumba osapsa fumbi a PE. Mukalongedza m'makatoni, lekanitsani gawo lililonse ndi makatoni ndikuyika zoteteza pakona mkati mwa makatoni. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zinthuzo zikufikirani bwino.
6. Buku Lowongolera Zosintha: Kusankha Mnzanu Woyenera
Musangofunsa kuti “Mumagwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki iti?” M’malo mwake, funsani kuti “Mumagwiritsa ntchito ma HIPS a mtundu wanji? Kodi ndi zinthu zatsopano kapena zinthu zobwezerezedwanso?” Fakitale yaukadaulo ngati yathu idzakuuzani ubwino wa zinthu zatsopano za HIPS 475 ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake sitigwiritsa ntchito zinthu zobwezerezedwanso.
6.2 Pemphani Lipoti la Nkhungu
Funsani za kulondola kwa nkhungu yawo. Muyezo wathu ndi 0.1mm. Funsaninso za kukhwima kwa pamwamba pa nkhungu, komwe ndi Ra 0.8μm kwa ife. Funso ili likhoza kuthetsa mwachangu anthu apakati omwe amadziwa malonda okha osati kupanga chilichonse.
Lumikizanani ndi akatswiri athu pakuyika kuti mukambirane za polojekiti yanu yotsatira, kapena pemphani bokosi lathu la chitsanzo cha njira kuti muone khalidwe "lachibadwa" ili pamaso panu.
Kukambirana Kwazinthu Zopanga Poyera
Khulupirirani Kupanga Kowonekera
Timakhulupirira mphamvu ya kupanga zinthu mowonekera. Kodi muli ndi mafunso aliwonse okhudza tsatanetsatane wa khalidwe lomwe tavumbulutsa?
Mafunso okhudza:
Zipangizo za m'chiuno
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Ma Mold a 0.1mm
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Nthawi Yoziziritsa ya Masekondi 60
Chonde gawani malingaliro anu mu gawo la ndemanga pansipa, kapena fotokozani mavuto ena okhudzana ndi kuwongolera khalidwe omwe mwakumana nawo panthawi yogula.
Ndife okondwa kulankhula nanu!
✉ Gawani malingaliro anu ndi mavuto anu.
Bambo Li
Mainjiniya Wamkulu wa Richpack
Ndi zaka zoposa 20 akugwira ntchito yokonza zinthu, Mkulu wa Mainjiniya wa Richpack, Bambo Li, amayang'anira bwino mfundo zonse zofunika pa ntchitoyi, kuyambira kuyang'anira kutentha kwa jakisoni wa HIPS mpaka kukonza njira zomangira ndi manja. Monga Mtsogoleri wa Msonkhano, iye mwiniwake amayang'anira mzerewu kuti atsimikizire kuti miyezo yolondola ya 0.1mm yomwe yafotokozedwa mu mapulani ikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'bokosi lililonse lomalizidwa.
Matumba Okhazikika Okhazikika komanso Osawonongeka Osakhazikika Opaka Pakuyika | Mayankho a Eco-Conscious kwa Ogulitsa Zodzikongoletsera ndi Malo Ogulitsa Zogulitsa
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